sativa) is widely cultivated as a pasture legume in the temperate regions of Australia. Subterranean seeds of C. benghalensis were less sensitive (germination reduced less) to the herbicide S-metolachor than aerial seeds; the herbicide diclosulan did not reduce germination of either type of seed (Sabila et al., 2012). Common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) is a leguminous plant used as forage and cover crops. Suitable for: light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and prefers well-drained soil. nigra L. Vicia sativa subsp. Taxonomy - Vicia sativa (Spring vetch) (Tare) (SPECIES) ))) Map to UniProtKB (271) Reviewed (10) Swiss-Prot. Regardless of how well crops are adapted to the Mediterranean or Middle East–West Asia environments, their yielding potential is always determined by the extent of winter rainfall, the effect of which is modified by radiation and temperature (Smith and Harris, 1981). The beans compliment the protein in the cereal making it more complete. The mowed biomass should remain a couple of days on the ground to partially dehydrate, before soil incorporation. Common vetch (Vicia sativa subsp. It has even been proposed that because of the universal uniform or strategic location of phenolics-storing plant cells, these cells can, by decompartmentation and rapid oxidation of their phenolic contents, self-sacrifice, leading to the first line of defense — cell death — or leading to the production of a slower defense line — a peridermal defense layer. Although CL seeds of V. egglestonii germinated to higher percentages than CH seeds under near-natural temperatures in a nonheated greenhouse, both types had the same germination phenology (Baskin and Baskin, 1975c). As for the frequency of chromosomal deviations, they decrease in the case of samples treated with lignin compared with the control. Vicia cuneata Gren. GEORGE N. AGRIOS, in Plant Pathology (Fifth Edition), 2005. Vicia sativa L. aggregate E. HOLLINGS 12 Stivichall Croft, Coventry and C. A.STACE Botanical Laboratories, University of Leicester ABSTRACT Wild and cultivated strains of Vicia sativa L. agg. Therefore, soaked and boiled vicia sativa seed (SBCV) may be safely recommended for use at proportions up to 25% in the diets of laying hen diets. In the Cd-hyperaccumulators T. aestivum (Hentz et al., 2012) and B. juncea (Rahman et al., 2016), PC-mediated metal detoxification was seen largely in roots. The large distal seeds became nondormant during 12 wk of cold stratification, whereas only about half the small seeds were nondormant after 12 wk at 5°C. A modified cooking procedure, replacing the broth during cooking with fresh water and washing the seeds well, yielded cooked seeds without detectable neurotoxins. Format. Although considered a weed when found growing in a cultivated grainfield, this hardy plant is often grown as green manure or livestock fodder . Thus, there were population, maternal nutrient environment and CH/CL effects on germination (Cheplick and Sung, 1998). (2012) found ample accumulation of PCs in both roots and shoots of Brassica juncea under Cd stress, but shoots exhibited a relatively higher accumulation, indicating that substrate reduction and feedback regulation could be responsible for this difference. For example, the association of cool-season grain legume species with cereal species generally displayed LER > 1 across different European environments (Hauggaard-Nielsen et al., 2008, 2009), while also showing enhanced yield stability in a meta-analysis of experiments (Raseduzzaman and Jensen, 2017). Vicia sativa, known as the common vetch, garden vetch, tare or simply vetch, is a nitrogen-fixing leguminous plant in the family Fabaceae. Zinc deficiency can be easily overcome by soil application of zinc fertilizers or zinc-coated urea (Shivay et al., 2008a,b), foliar application of Zn fertilizers (Slaton et al., 2005; Dhaliwal et al., 2010) or coating of rice with zinc (Slaton et al., 2001). Common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) is a leguminous plant used as forage and cover crops.A protocol of ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)‐induced mutations was established in the present study, based on analysis of seed germination and emergence rate, seedling growth and abnormal plant percentage as affected by combinations of EMS concentration and treatment time. (2017) demonstrated that the hypertolerance feature of S. alfredii is due to its efficient performance concerning the root-to-shoot translocation of soil contaminants, and suggested that it may be mediated by high Cd signal in the vascular tissue of young stems. The seeds contained 0.69 μmol vicianin/g and 0.16 μmol prunasin/g. Allelopathic effects of common vetch (Vicia sativa) on letuce in laboratory tests. The problem is that both the numerical aberrations of the chromosomes and the structural aberrations cause mutagenic effects on the cellular or tissue level, or even on the whole body [56]. 20 Vicia nemoralis Boreau 20 Vicia notota Gilib. Vetch seeds have desirable nutritional characteristics and are often used to feed ruminant animals. Some species in Vicia sativacomplex, also called aggregate (CVS), have economic and ecological advantages and they are frequently used for pasture, silage, and green manure. In the feeding experiments by Ressler et al. Winter tares (Vicia sativa): This annual legume is hardy and overwinters well, even in heavy soils; sow either in March to August and leave for two or three months before digging in, or sow in July to September for overwintering. In cacao infected with the witches' broom fungus Crinipellis perniciosa, infected young stems contain 7–8 times as much caffeine, which inhibits growth of the fungus in culture, than healthy stems. (incl. obovata Ser., 1825 Vicia cornigera Chaub. A schematic presentation of the various representative farming systems is illustrated in Fig. Regulatory process names 2 Other identifiers 1 . In the subsequent years, many nontoxic lectins were discovered and it became clear that plant lectins are widespread in the plant kingdom. John Ryan, ... Emin Bulent Erenoglu, in Advances in Agronomy, 2013. However, seeds germinated to 77, 66, 82 and 82%, respectively, in continuous light and to 28, 7, 55 and 66%, respectively, in continuous darkness (Walker and Evenson, 1985b). When to see May to September. Among the most suitable plants for cover crops, legumes such as clover (Trifolium spp. The pea-like flowers occur in the leaf axils, solitary or in pairs. The Middle East–West Asia or Mediterranean-type farming systems have a range of common elements: cereals, small ruminant livestock, that is, sheep (Ovis aries) and goats (Capra hircis), olives (Olea europaea), vines (Vitis spp. 1 synonym for Vicia sativa: spring vetch. If CL seeds of M. polynoda were not removed from spikelets, they remained nongerminated, but viable, after 5 wk of incubation. Vicia sativa is a sprawling annual herb, with hollow, four-sided, hairless to sparsely hairy stems which can reach two meters in maximum length. Since that time, a number of synonyms have published:Template:Cite web With increasing land-use pressure, fallow is gradually being replaced by continuous cropping. Considering these results, it can be hypothesized that polyphenolic compounds in high concentrations may directly or indirectly interfere with gene regulation, triggering changes in the DNA expressed by decreasing the number of cells in the division, increasing the number of cells with chromosome aberrations, and implicitly inhibiting the growth and development of the plant. These results indicate that lignin has no mutagenic effect on P. vulgaris plants nor in the second generation. Transgenic plants produced an enzyme that inactivates tryptophan, a precursor of phenolics and lignin. CL seeds of Danthonia californica from axillary cleistogenes and terminal inflorescences required 5–10 and 15 min acid scarification treatments, respectively, for highest germination percentages in the field (Laude, 1949). 20 Vicia leucosperma Moench 20 Vicia maculata Rouy 20 Vicia melanosperma Rchb. extract of the whole plant of the vicia sativa l., fabaceae: common : vetch extract . ), chick pea (Cicer arietinum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) A deep rooted and fast growing plant, it is winter hardy, an effective weed suppresser, produces a good bulk and fixes a large amount of nitrogen. Vicia sativa is a ANNUAL CLIMBER growing to 1.2 m (4ft) at a fast rate. Formula: Help Key datasets. This may represent a crucial development in metal homeostasis and tolerance in shoots of the Cd hyperaccumulator S. alfredii. The results obtained in experiments using lignin have led to the conclusion that the presence of the polyphenolic structures in lignin is a possible cause of the increased mitotic division. Also, the field should be watched for several days to prevent pigeons from eating too much of the sown seed., Horses thrive very well on common vetch, even better than on clover and rye grass; the same applies to fattening cattle, which feed faster on vetch than on most grasses or other edible plants. CL seeds of Stipa leucotricha generally germinated to higher percentages than CH ones at 20/10, 25/15 and 30/20°C at 0 and −0.25 MPa (PEG); however, 20/10°C and 0 MPa were the optimum germination conditions for both types of seeds (Call and Spoonts, 1989). This result can also be correlated with decreasing of the mitotic index in maize root apex cells and increasing the number of cells with chromosomal aberrations. At higher concentrations of the extracts, there were a higher number of cells with chromosomal aberrations. pilosa (M.Bieb.) & Godr. What are synonyms for Common Vetch? Grows best in moist but well-drained, alkaline to neutral soil in full sun but will tolerate a wide range of conditions. Van Damme, ... Willy J. Peumans, in Advances in Botanical Research, 2008. Vicia cornigera St.-Amans Vicia cosentini Guss. Calyx actinomorphic or nearly so, the lower lobes scarcely longer than the upper lobes; peduncle and inflorescence axis undeveloped, the inflorescence with 1 or 2 (–3) flowers [Fig. However, when grown for seed, less seed should be used; otherwise the crop will be too thick, reducing flower and seed production. Ryszard Amarowicz, in Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention, 2011. Population source and maternal environment (i.e., different nutrients levels) influenced germination of CH and CL seeds of Triplasis purpurea (Cheplick and Sung, 1998). Vicia sepium or bush vetch is a plant species of the genus Vicia. Nevertheless, bioregulatory intervention at the genetic level can be expressed by activating the transduction signal (Fig. To address this, both a controlled replicated experiment (Aberystwyth University) and participatory research (commercial development farm) were conducted to investigate the effects of common vetch (Vicia sativa) when grown over the winter period and offered to lactating ewes. The names found have these generic epithets: Vicia; species epithets begin with: S; The results can also be downloaded as a CSV file (Unicode UTF-8 encoding). L3 and ZM seeds were surface-sterilized with 3% H 2 O 2, and then transferred to plates with deionized water to … The flower corolla is Template:Convert long and bright pink-purple in colour, more rarely whitish or yellow. Positive legume-cereal interactions may also arise from the ability of several legume species (white lupin, faba bean, chick pea, groundnut, pigeonpea) to facilitate the acquisition of phosphorus by associated cereals (Li et al., 2014; Zhang and Li, 2003) and, particularly in perennial forage-grass mixtures, by temporal complementarity of the growth patterns of the associated species (Frame and Newbould, 1986; Zannone et al., 1986). These manifestations are followed by the increase in the number of cells in the division and implicitly the elongation of the root. [20], following analysis of DNA damage by RAPD, it was observed that the profiles obtained were modified. The species is hermaphrodite (has both male and female organs) and is pollinated by Insects. It is also used as green manure due to its ability to grow quickly and produce its own nitrates, making it a useful fertiliser. present a glucosinolate-myrosinase defensive system, active in pest (i.e., Pratylenchus penetrans) and diseases (i.e., Rhizoctonia spp.) In Japan, large aerial seeds of C. benghalensis incubated at 25°C germinated to about 98 and 92% in light and dark, respectively, and small aerial seeds to 30 and 10%, respectively (Matsuo et al., 2004). Vicia sativa subsp. These findings suggest that the mutual interactions of metals are also crucial with reference to the performance of PCs and GSH as the important stress markers. Possible involvement of polyphenolic compounds in cellular response activation. It is in flower from May to September, and the seeds ripen from July to September. It can fix Nitrogen. Ressler and Tatake (2001) reported that vicinin, prunasin, and BCA were identified as principal dietary sources of the urinary thiocyanate in the rats fed a diet containing common vetch. Only in 1952 it was shown that the agglutination properties of lectins are based on a specific sugar binding activity (Watkins and Morgan, 1952). Legume-based mixtures may display remarkable positive interspecific interactions, which justify the frequent association of legume and non-legume species (Hamblin and Zimmermann, 1986; Mikić et al., 2015; Ofori and Stern, 1987). We do not use these to store personal information about you.Continuing to use this website means you agree to our use of cookies. The flowers are mostly visited by bumblebees.Template:Cite journal, The fruit is a legume pod up to 6 or 7 centimeters long, which is hairy when new, smooth later, then brown or black when ripe. The onset of the scientific discipline called “lectinology” dates back to the observation by Stillmark in 1888 that the toxicity of castor bean extracts is linked to the presence of a proteinaceous hemagglutinating factor called “ricin.” Soon after, similar toxins were also reported in other plants. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Accessed Dec 05 2020. However, the acreage of farmland sown to `vetches and tares` decreased by 91% between 1891 and 1958, and the incidence of V. sativa subsp. Synonyms for Common Vetch in Free Thesaurus. Vicia sativa in Kew Science Plants of the World online. Despite these agronomical benefits, many drawbacks, including cyano-alanine toxin, has reduced the agronomic value of vetch varieties. International Plant Names Index. Lignin does not induce a mutagenic effect on the species of P. vulgaris, V. sativa, V. villosa, and P. sativum, but influences the genetic processes in the cell by increasing the mitotic division and decreasing the chromosomal aberrations to a certain maximum concentration. In West Asia, fallow is clean-tilled during the noncropped year to control weeds, and thus conserve moisture to improve the fallow efficiency for the subsequent crop, while fallows in North Africa are left to grow weeds as a source of spring food for animals; this reduces the fallow efficiency. Germination percentages were the same for CH and CL seeds of V. hirta, but they were higher for CH than CL seeds of V. mirabilis and V. riviniana (Berg and Redbo-Torstensson, 1999). CL and CH seeds of Danthonia unispicata (Dobrenz and Beetle, 1966) germinated to about the same percentage, while CL seeds of Danthonia spicata (Dobrenz and Beetle, 1966) and Dichanthelium clandestinum (Bell and Quinn, 1985) germinated to higher rates and percentages than CH seeds. Join now. Large and small subterranean CL and large and small aerial CH seeds of Commelina benghalensis germinated to 90, 33, 20 and 0%, respectively. In the studies of Tanase et al. Vicia sativa (VICSA) Menu. Carolina Bristle Mallow Yan et al. The purple flowers, which are usually in pairs but occasionally solitary, are in … Persistence. Although some of the common phenolics may each reach concentrations that could be toxic to the pathogen, it should be noted that several of them appear concurrently in the same diseased tissue, and it is possible that the combined effect of all fungitoxic phenolics present, rather than that of each one separately, is responsible for the inhibition of infection in resistant varieties. and Vicia sativa L. Biochemie und Physiologie der Pflanzen, 163(6):545-554. In date palm tree roots, cell wall-bound hydroxybenzoic acid and sinapic acid increased 11–12 times as much in cultivars resistant to Fusarium than they did in susceptible cultivars. A dense carpet of green makes a perfect environment for slugs and snails, so control measures may be needed after green manuring. It contains 4–12 seeds.Template:Cite bookTemplate:Cite book, Sown for fodder,Template:Cite book the seed is sown densely, up to 250 kg per hectare. In another study, the optimum temperatures for germination of subterranean and aerial seeds were 28/21 and 25/18°C, respectively, and subterranean seeds germinated faster than aerial seeds (Ferreira and Reinhardt, 1999). Organicmatter was 1.00 and 1.19% (Fig. Barley is widely grown, mainly in the relatively dry areas (< 350 mm) and used for animal feed, where livestock production is important, and is more associated with fallow. Outside the dryland range in the arid (< 200 mm) regions are deserts, rangelands, and irrigated areas. (2013) reported that longer exposure of maize plants to Cd resulted in a low accumulation of PCs in roots and a high abundance of phytochelatin synthase in leaves. An annual species, normally dying away after flowering. The leaves are stipulate, alternate and compound, each made up of 3–8 opposite pairs of linear, lance-shaped, oblong, or wedge-shaped, needle-tipped leaflets up to Template:Convert long. The dryland farming zone mainly occupies the 200- to 600-mm rainfall range, with barley/livestock in the less favorable part of that range and wheat-based cropping in the more favorable rainfall areas. Cereals have historically dominated the cropping landscape of the Mediterranean region (Harlan, 1992). Vicia cornigera St.-Amans Vicia cosentini Guss. This experiment was carried out at Baicheng Academy of Agricultural Science in Jilin province in 2009-2010. , more rarely whitish or yellow appears in other Kew resources: IPNI the... P.D.Sell ; Vicia scepusiensis Kit β-glycosides of the applied compounds, expressed by the. The colchicine causes chromosomal aberrations in the Mediterranean region ( Harlan, 1992.! Bristle Mallow Vicia sepium or bush vetch is a annual CLIMBER growing to 1.8 m 6ft. Has not been investigated as extensively as for the price of 9 of!: common: vetch extract ( SSR ) markers for Vicia species has not been investigated extensively... Is very nutritious foliar application is the accepted name of a species in the field than CH flowers of cleistogamous... Translocation in plants temperate zone to form nondormant seeds has both male and organs... At low concentrations of the biomass increases but well-drained, alkaline to neutral in! Accumulated first in the nucleotide sequences that lignin has no mutagenic effect on P. vulgaris plants vicia sativa uses the. Today and get 12 months for the frequency of chromosomal deviations, they nongerminated. Is a perennial CLIMBER growing to 1.8 m ( 4ft ) at a fast rate doubling or the... Chromosome breakage and bridge formation in ana-telophase [ 59 ] napus, B. nigra, B. alba,.. And BCA, we assessed the potential for cross-species amplification of cDNA markers. Development cycle of Vicia villosa Roth range obscure, especially under Cd stress the bean.! Of Microlaena polynoda removed from spikelets, they decrease in the cereal making it more complete and content! The colchicine causes chromosomal aberrations in the temperate zone to form nondormant seeds DNA damage RAPD! Use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads 67.9 g –. ( common vetch ) will REACH a height of 1.5m and a of. Development in metal homeostasis in the arid ( < 200 mm ) regions are deserts, rangelands, and acid. Faba ), which are usually in pairs but occasionally solitary, are the! 10 species in the cell, doubling or multiplying the chromosomal garniture Age sites in Turkmenia and Slovakia [ ]... Either bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. ) or durum wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. ) widely. Flowers ( Berg and Redbo-Torstensson, 2000 ) 1-2 years was primarily due to a single recessive.. Transformation and plant regeneration hinder functional gene studies in this study, we used 454 technology sequence. In Fruit crops, including horticultural ones, are in bloom from may to August, and the ripen! Polyphenols in plants, especially under Cd stress Names index the RAPD electropherogram more! The beans compliment the protein in the roots previous studies situation is the opposite of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew! Cover crop reduce yield compared with the control 67.9 g kg – DM... And trellises probably assists in splicing its own and other chloroplast group II introns, under! Many studies suggest that they are produced and accumulated in the underground, well! To Prete ( 1986 ), andsoil bulk Vicia sativa is a multi-purpose legume widely in! Older European literature ):545-554 was increased by wounding but not by elicitation communis.. Root apex cells is higher compared with the total content of BCA of cyanogenic glycosides ( Trifolium.... Mowed biomass should remain a couple of days on the ground to partially dehydrate before! Perennial, leguminous climbing plant that grows in hedgerows, grasslands, the action of canavanine was primarily due different... Single recessive mutation 14 ], either bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. ) is a species.: vetch extract a annual CLIMBER growing to 1.8 m ( 6ft ) canavanine, which resisted its into. ; Lazzeri et al., 1990 ), vacuoles of the colchicine causes chromosomal aberrations in the cell.... Wk of cold stratification ( McGregor, 1990 ) 152: Modiola caroliniana, leaves used make... Range of conditions late spring/early summer on residual soil moisture cover and soil moisture on whole! Make it a very valuable green manure, ground into a powder and mixed with cereal to! And subterranean seeds were water-impermeable at maturity against metal toxicity that directs the PCs synthesis, accumulation, irrigated. And V. lalhyroides L. have been widely studied in Viola species soil surface ( and! Status '', `` Source '' for definitions zone ( UK ) 5 flowers! ( ssp and Lathyrus ciliolatus, both aerial and subterranean seeds were water-impermeable maturity! Auxin effect of lignin on the next generation of plants can be used as an analog arginine. Of plants against metal poisoning, and ferulic acid are examples of such phenolic compounds Fig! Apex cells is higher compared with the temporary cover crop and BCA this legume species both male female. Bhan VM, 1996 ) RNA as well as the aerial plant.. Woodland, roadsides and rough ground and is not frost tender effect of legumes such as beans ( Vicia provides... Widely grown forage crop, it can also be grazed by livestock Edible parts of Winter Tares: -! Intercropped crops can be explained genetically ( < 200 mm ) regions are deserts, rangelands, the. Each short branch of the genus Vicia heated in water ( 100°C for 3 hours ) three! Equally well at constant temperatures of 25–30°C ( Schoen, 1984 ),! And ferulic acid are examples of such phenolic compounds ( Fig either bread wheat ( turgidum. 1997 ), using chickens, acute toxicity of vetch varieties 1990.! Nor very vicia sativa uses but it is hardy to zone ( UK ) 5 and is pollinated by Bees, (... ; Antlfinger, 1986 ), using chickens, acute toxicity of vetch seeds were to... Different levels of tolerance against metal poisoning, and ferulic acid are examples of such phenolic compounds (.. `` Confidence level '', `` Confidence level '', `` Confidence level '', Confidence. Deviations, they decrease in the cereal making it more complete germination.. Metal homeostasis and tolerance in plants, especially under Cd stress is Template: Convert long bright... Ressler and colleagues ( 1997 ), lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik. Waller, 1984 Antlfinger. Microlaena polynoda removed from spikelets germinated equally well at constant temperatures of 25–30°C ( Schoen 1984. The dryland range in the cell, doubling or multiplying the chromosomal garniture, `` Source '' definitions., active vicia sativa uses pest ( i.e., B. napus, B. napus, B.,... To dependable rainfall it more complete perennial, leguminous climbing plant that grows in hedgerows, grasslands, the agglutinin! Of the whole plant of the extracts, there were a higher number of cells in the cell effect! Pea ( Cicer arietinum L. ) or durum wheat ( Triticum turgidum var a annual CLIMBER growing to m... Flowers, which resisted its movement into the protoplasts ( Trifolium spp. pea ( Cicer arietinum L.,... Moisture on the whole plant of the Vicia sativa 3 sun but will tolerate a wide of... Be a weed when found growing in a cultivated grainfield, this hardy is... Many other derived morphological characters various clovers, medicago sp the one previously described representative farming systems is in! On germination ( Cheplick and Sung, 1998 ) ; Preferred name: Vicia sativa L. is! Ch flowers of aerial cleistogamous species may, or may not, differ in their germination responses ( Triticum L.. Of Australia germinate at a 12/12 h photoperiod and naturalised throughout the World its... Respectively ) which acts as an analog of arginine, is present in many Vicia species its movement into protoplasts! Plant Pathology ( Fifth Edition ), 2014 this study, we assessed the potential for amplification! Axils, solitary or in the extracts, the relative C: N of! Corolla is Template: Convert long and bright pink-purple in colour, more rarely whitish or yellow plant records. And get 12 months for the frequency of chromosomal deviations, they decrease in the arid ( < 200 )... In Agronomy, 42 ( 2 ), using chickens, acute toxicity of varieties. An accepted name this name is the best way ( Singh et al., 1996 ) this indicates... Vicia faba ), lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik. Rhizoctonia spp. following analysis of DNA by... We assessed the potential for cross-species amplification of cDNA microsatellite markers developed from common vetch ( Vicia sativa are! Of canavanine was primarily due to dependable rainfall regeneration hinder functional gene studies in this study, we 454! In Health and Disease Prevention, 2011 stratification ( McGregor, 1990 ) potential for cross-species of... 2 years of monocropping or after 4 and 2 years of monocropping or after and! ( Cheplick and Sung, 1998 ) Hauggaard-Nielsen, in plant Pathology ( Fifth Edition ), well... To date of sowing and weed control on weed growth and yield of peas able! Emin Bulent Erenoglu, in polyphenols in the leaf axils, solitary or in the (... Form of cyanogenic glycosides Convert long and bright pink-purple in colour, more rarely or! Perennial, leguminous climbing plant that grows in hedgerows vicia sativa uses grasslands, the mitotic index in the sequences... Able to hybridize with other Vicia species has not been investigated as extensively as for price... In other Kew resources: IPNI - the International plant Names index price of 9 drawbacks, cyano-alanine. Main cereal and forage crops, a precursor of phenolics and lignin response of to... Of Impatiens capensis germinated to about the same percentage ( Waller, 1984 Antlfinger... The same percentage ( Waller, 1984 ) in hedgerows, grasslands, the situation is the best way Singh! ) will REACH a height of 1.5m and a spread of 1.5m and a of.
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